Juniper Publishers Anatomy

JUNIPER PUBLISHERS-OPEN ACCESS ANATOMY PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL  Allergic asthma and rhinitis, atopic dermatitis (AD), urticaria and gastrointestinal allergy, are common diseases of infants and children. It was recently estimated that 14% of children suffer from AD, 8% from food allergy, and 12% from asthma [1,2]. The cumulated incidence of these diseases in adolescents has been estimated between 25-35%, while the prevalence is about 20% [3]. The phenotypic expression of these illnesses varies extensively, being very mild in some cases, severe in many, and even life threatening in others. Specific IgE antibodies to foods and positive challenge tests to a number of food allergens are frequently present in children with these disorders. Cow’s milk (CM) appears to be the most common offending food both in gastrointestinal (vomiting, diarrhea, etc) and in cutaneous manifestations (urticaria and AD). About 0.5-7% of infants suffer fro

JUNIPER PUBLISHERS-OPEN ACCESS ANATOMY PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL    Allergy and Clinical Immunology Division, Department of Pediatrics, University of Roma “La Sapienza” Medical School Breastfeeding Normal neonates are equipped with a limited immune competence, therefore they need breast milk (BM), which represent an excellent immune protection for the neonate during the critical period of intestinal vulnerability, due to a great variety of functionally interactive immunological, antibacterial, antiviral, anti inflammatory and immune modulating factors. Evidence suggests that the protection afforded by human milk to the recipient infant is greatest when breast-feeding is exclusive and of substantial duration. In this update of an old topic, we shall review it’s maim role in atopy prevention as an introduction to the immunological and non immunological components of BM and colostrum, and the spectrum and mechanisms of the protection of host

JUNIPER PUBLISHERS-OPEN ACCESS ANATOMY PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL  Systemic reactions to specific immunotherapy (SIT) have been reported since 1911, when this therapy was introduced into clinical practice [1], and subsequently many other reports have discussed the occurrence of such re¬actions [2-8]. A number of fatalities after SIT have been also rarely report¬ed, since Lamson in 1929 first described a death from anaphylaxis after SIT [9-11]. The prevalence of systemic reactions in adults has been estimated between 5 % and 44% for grass SIT [12-14], and between 7 and 50% for mite SIT [4,8,15], whereas at present there are a few data in children [16,17]. According to these studies performed on a small number of children with asthma, systemic reaction rate was actually zero using a mite extract [16], and between 80 to 100% using a highly purified and standardized mold ex¬tract [17]. Exposure to high levels of allergen during early life might

JUNIPER PUBLISHERS-OPEN ACCESS ANATOMY PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL  Organophosphates (OPs) are used as pesticides and developed as warfare nerve agents. Exposure to an organophosphate could be lethal resulting in death due to respiratory failure. The mechanism of organophosphate poisoning includes inhibition of the acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) via phosphorylation of the hydroxyl group of serine present at the active site of the enzyme. The inhibition of acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) results in the accumulation of acetylcholine (ACh) at cholinergic receptor sites, producing continuous stimulation throughout the nervous systems. Several therapeutic agents have been developed and used in the treatment of poisoning with OPs. For example, pyridiniumoximes have been developed as therapeutic agents for the treatment of poisoning by OPs. The mode of action of pyridiniumoximes is by the reactivation of inhibited acetyl cholinesterase. However, the unive