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Evolution of the Kidney-Juniper publishers

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JUNIPER PUBLISHERS-OPEN ACCESS ANATOMY PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL Aim of the work: This article will elucidate the extraordinary parallels between the evolution of the kidney from provertebrates to man. In invertebrates, the excretory structures are classified into three types included contractile vacuoles in protozoa, nephridia (flame cell system) in most invertebrate animals and Malpighian tubules (arthropod kidney) in insects. While, in vertebrates, there are three distinct excretory organs formed in succession during the development of the vertebrate kidney, they are called pronephros, mesonephros and metanephros. Conclusion: From this review, it can be concluded that the important factors in the evolution of the basic structure and function of the vertebrate kidney appeared associating with body fluid– regulation, involving the maintenance of a constant water and salt content of the body. As the evolution of the vertebrate kidney i...
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Anatomy of the Prostate Gland and Seminal Colículos of the Canine (Canis lupus familiaris)

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  Anatomy Physiology & Biochemistry International Journal Juniper Publishers Author By:  Saldivia Paredes Manuel MV Abstract The prostate gland and the seminal colliculi are within the classification of the genital organs of Canis lupus familiaris, although it can also be classified within the urogenital system of the canine. The glands are characterized by having the peculiarity of making secretions and these are regulated mainly by hormonal control and autonomic nervous system; On the other hand, in reference to the seminal colliculi, it is understood that it has an intimate relationship with the urethra and with other nearby anatomical structures. The anatomical links between the prostate gland and the seminal colliculi are quite close, since in both cases the urethra is involved. First; the urethra pierces the prostate and secondly; from the urethral crest a seminal colliculus is born. The prostate gland and the seminal colliculi have a fundamental link with the proces...
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Soft Palate and Its Motor Innervation: A Brief Review

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  Anatomy Physiology & Biochemistry International Journal Juniper Publishers Author By:  Liancai Mu Abstract Human soft palate plays an important role in upper airway functions such as speech, swallowing and respiration. However, neural control of the soft palate is poorly understood because innervation of this structure has long been controversial. In this review, the inconsistent and even contradictory observations regarding the motor innervation of the palatal muscles are summarized. We emphasize to use Sihler’s stain for documenting the nerves and their supply patterns within individual palatal muscles as studies have demonstrated that Sihler’s stain permits mapping of entire nerve supply within organs, skeletal muscles, mucosa, skin, and other structures. This wholemount nerve staining has unique advantage over other anatomical methods as all the nerves within the muscles processed with Sihler’s stain can be visualized in their 3-dimensional positions. Advanced knowle...
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